1. Introduction
1.1 What is the thermodynamics?
Thermodynamic: The science that deals with heat and work and those properties of matter that relate to heat and work, or (Energy differences and transfers between systems).
1.2 MEASURES OF AMOUNT OR SIZE
Three measures of amount or size are in common use:
Mass, m Number of moles, n Total volume, Vt
These measures for a specific system are in direct proportion to one another. Mass, a primitive without definition, may be divided by the molar mass M, commonly called the molecular weight, to yield number of moles:
Total volume, representing the size of a system, is a defined quantity given as the product of three lengths. It may be divided by the mass or number of moles of the system to yield specific or molar volume:
Specific volume: V= Vt/m or Vt=mV
Molar volume: V= Vt/n or Vt=nV
Specific or molar density is defined as the reciprocal of specific or molar volume: ? = V-1 These quantities (V and ?) are independent of the size of a system, and are examples of intensive thermodynamic variables. They are functions of the temperature, pressure, and composition of a system, additional quantities that are independent of system size.
1.3 FORCE
The SI unit of force is the newton, symbol N, derived from Newton s second law, which expresses force F as the product of mass (m) and acceleration (a):
The newton is defined as the force which when applied to a mass of 1 kg produces an acceleration of 1 m s-2; thus the newton is a derived unit representing 1 kg m s-2
1.4 TEMPERATURE
Temperature is commonly measured with liquid-in-glass thermometers, wherein the liquid expands when heated. Thus a uniform tube partially filled with mercury, alcohol, or some other fluid, can indicate degree of "hotness" simply by the length of the fluid column. However, numerical values are assigned to the various degrees of hotness by arbitrary definition.
1. Celsius scale: (?C) formally called centigrate
2. Absolute temperature
a. Kelven scale
b. Rankin scale
T(k) = T(oc) + 273.15
T(R) = T(oF) + 459.67
T(R) = 1.8 T(K)
T (oF) = 1.8 T(oC) + 32
?T(R) = 1.8 ?T(K)
?T(K) = ?T(oC)
المادة المعروضة اعلاه هي مدخل الى المحاضرة المرفوعة بواسطة استاذ(ة) المادة . وقد تبدو لك غير متكاملة . حيث يضع استاذ المادة في بعض الاحيان فقط الجزء الاول من المحاضرة من اجل الاطلاع على ما ستقوم بتحميله لاحقا . في نظام التعليم الالكتروني نوفر هذه الخدمة لكي نبقيك على اطلاع حول محتوى الملف الذي ستقوم بتحميله .
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