What is Crude Oil?
• Crude oil is a mixture of hydrocarbons formed from organic matter.
• Crude varies in color and composition
• Composition varies
– Sulfur content
– Density varies
– Contains sediment and water
The Process of Refining Crude Oil
Once it enters the modern refinery, crude oil goes through a process called fractional distillation.
This process separates the different components of crude oil so that they can be further refined. Fractional distillation begins when the crude oil, which is a mixture of different hydrocarbons, is put into a high-pressure steam boiler. This is a tank that makes the oil boil and turn to vapor. The crude oil is heated to temperatures up to 1112° Fahrenheit.
After the oil becomes vapor, it enters the bottom of the distillation column through a pipe. The distillation column is a tall tank that contains many plates or trays. The vapor rises in the column, cooling as it rises. The specific vapors cool at their boiling points and condense on the plates or trays in the column. Much like water condensation on the outside of a cold glass, the vapors turn into liquid fractions as they condense. The liquid fractions flow through pipes and are collected in separate tanks. The fractions include gases, naphtha, gasoline, kerosene, diesel fuel, lubricating oils, heavy oils, and other materials.
Products from Petroleum
The ten main products of petroleum are:
• Asphalt
Asphalt is commonly used to make roads. It is a colloid of asphaltenes and maltenes that is separated from the other components of crude oil by fractional distillation. Once asphalt is collected, it is processed in a de-asphalting unit, and then goes through a process called “blowing” where it is reacted with oxygen to make it harden.
• Diesel
Diesel is any fuel that can be used in a diesel engine. Diesel is produced by fractional distillation between 392° - 662° F. Diesel has a higher density than gasoline and is simpler to refine from crude oil. It is most commonly used in transportation.
• Fuel Oil
Fuel oil is any liquid petroleum product that is burned in a furnace to generate heat. Fuel oil is also the heaviest commercial fuel that is produced from crude oil.
• Gasoline
It is mainly used as fuel in internal combustion engines, like the engines in cars. Gasoline is a mixture of paraffins, naphthenes, and olefins.
Gasoline refined beyond fractional distillation is often enhanced with iso-octane and ethanol so that it is usable in cars.
المادة المعروضة اعلاه هي مدخل الى المحاضرة المرفوعة بواسطة استاذ(ة) المادة . وقد تبدو لك غير متكاملة . حيث يضع استاذ المادة في بعض الاحيان فقط الجزء الاول من المحاضرة من اجل الاطلاع على ما ستقوم بتحميله لاحقا . في نظام التعليم الالكتروني نوفر هذه الخدمة لكي نبقيك على اطلاع حول محتوى الملف الذي ستقوم بتحميله .
الرجوع الى لوحة التحكم
|