Fused Deposition Modeling
Fused deposition modeling (FDM) is a technique that builds plastic objects by extrusion of a polymer–wax filament through a nozzle. A modification of the technique, referred to as fused deposition of ceramics (FDC), has been developed to create ceramic components from particle-filled polymer filaments.
Selective Laser Sintering
In selective laser sintering (SLS), components are built layer by layer by scanning some metals, interaction of the laser beam with the powder raises the temperature to the point of melting, resulting in particle bonding and fusion of the particles to themselves as well as to the previous layer to form a solid object.
Printing and Casting Techniques
In one type of technique, referred to as three-dimensional printing (3DP), complex- shaped parts are formed by sequentially depositing a thin layer of ceramic powder followed by ink-jet printing of a binder solution to fix the powder in place and to selectively define the geometry of the part. he thin layer of powder can be formed by roll compaction, but more homogeneous particle packing and higher packing density are obtained by deposition from a well-dispersed suspension (e.g., through a nozzle 100–200 ?m in diameter) followed by drying.